Verze z 26. 9. 2012, 08:20

Europe

Czech republic & Slovakia

Both nations have similar letters. Czechoslovakian alphabet use some specific letters which other language don't have. There are diffrents between Slovakian and Czech letters but there are not many.

• You must be really carefull when you see letter ch. It's not pronouced like Chine, Check, Chest... it's pronouced like kh (x). Example Lucie Chytrá. Same letter have also German language.
• Also be careful when you see letter c which is not k but ts.

When you read Jaromir Ježek like Jaromir Jezek and not Yezhek it's not big tragedy because you probably know that letter J is pronouced like Y and letter ž is just zh. Letter č is ch. Letter š is sh. Letter ď is dj like soft d etc. Letter á is just long aaaaa etc. etc.

• Diffrent between Czech and Slovakian language is in letter ě. Slovakian don't have this letter which is pronouced like ye. Slovakians are saying like Russians letter e like ye automatically after some vowels (d, v, b...).
• Czechs have another specific letter ř which is really hard to pronouce for foreigners even for Slovaks. So you can pronouce it like r. Another letter is ů which is just long uuuu.
• Slovakians have specific letter ô or long ŕ. I don't remember any name with letter ô which is pronouced like uo.

Foreigner commentators have very big problem with pronouciation when are together letters c and k like ck. Many czech and slovakian names are ending -cký. So it's pronouced like -tský not ký.

Czech names and endings:

• Typical Czech surnames end are - -a, -ák, -ák, -il, -al, -ek, -ík, -ý or there is typical ending -ský and that problematic -cký which have same function like german von or Dutch van. Some surnames ending -ř or -č... In some regions is typical ending -ů.
• In Czech republic are many typical German surnames which are just often written in Czech form. [Petr Jákl]] would be in Germany Peter Jäckl. Very typical ending is -man from german -mann or -er or -ger or just -e.
• When name sounds Polish you must be sure that the guy is from Northeast region called Ostravsko.
  • WARNING: This is for men's surname. To women's surname you must add in end -ová or change -ý for -á. Mr. Chytrý and Mrs. Chytrá. Mr. Krpálek and Mrs. Krpálková... You need not know rules how it's making why -e- is removed from name Krpálek into women's variant. Czech grammer is not easy to understand.

Slovak names and endings:

• Slovakian surnames can't be easily defined. They are influenced by Czech, Polish, Hungarian.
• Typical Slovakian surnames endings are - -rik, -ak other are similar to Czech. Slovaks and Czechs usually know if the guy is from Slovakia or Czech republic.
• In South Slovakia live Hungarian ethnic. Their names sounds Hungarian (check Hungarian names).
• In North Slovakia live Polish ethnic. Their names sounds Polish (check Polish names).

Georgia

Georgian language have their own alphabet becase they have much more vowels then other languages. Those vowels are very similar to arabian and other middle east languages like persian. This means that they have two k, p, t etc. If you are interesting look at wikipedia or wiktionary site. For first Georgian is not Russian. Young georgian people already don't under Russian like Varlam Liparteliani when he was taking interview for Russian reporter.

Georgian language don't have letter Y (J) like you pronouce name Jan (Yan) or Johan (Yohan) so when you see letter i into name you must not read it like j (y). Sandro Iakobashvili is pronouced like Sandro I-akobashvili not Yakobashvili. Beka Gviniashvili is Gvini-ashvili not Gvinyashvili. Giorgi Zantaraia is Zantara-i-a not Zantaraya.

Transliteration is not problem. You must be careful if they use english, german, french or malaysian transliteration. That's why Avtandil Chrikishvili is sometime written like Avtandil Tchrikishvili.

• Names in georgian are similar to European. They don't use fathers name like Russians.
• Typical end of men's name is ending "i" (Irakli, Levani, Zurabi) or "a" (Lasha, Beka) and some foreigner names "e" (Alexandre, Konstantine).
  • WARNING: When first name is written with surname the ending letter i of the name is not written. Example: I fighted with Levan Zhorzholiani but if you use only first name you must write I fighted with Levani. Of corse there are exceptions when names are ending in two vowels like name Irakl-i. Irakli Tsirekidze is correct. Irakl Tsirekidze is not correct.

Georgian names usually ends:

• -shvili: which means "child of..." (historical eastern Georgia) - Amiran Papinashvili
• -dze: which means "son of..." (historical western Georgia) - Irakli Tsirikidze
• -uri or -uli or -eli: this end is typical for eastern highlanders from Kavkaz (Tusheti, Khevsureti for example) - Zurab Zviadauri
• -ani: this end is typical for Svani peoples (western highlanders from Kavkaz) - Varlam Liparteliani
• -ia or -ua or -ava: these ends are typical for Samegrelo region close to Abkhazia and Svaneti - Giorgi Zantaraia
• -shi: this end is typical for people who now mostly live in Turkey (old territory of Georgian Kingdom) and Batumi region - Beka Tugushi